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Aral smallpox incident
The Aral smallpox incident was a 1971 outbreak of the viral disease which occurred as a result of a field test at a Soviet biological weapons (BW) facility on an island in the Aral Sea. The incident sickened ten people, of whom 3 died, and came to widespread public notice only in 2002.〔Broad, W.J. and Miller J. (2002), “Traces of Terror: The Bioterror Threat; Report Provides New Details of Soviet Smallpox Accident.”, ''The New York Times''; June 15 issue.〕
==Background==
In 1954, a biological weapons test site called Aralsk-7 was built on Vozrozhdeniya (Rebirth) Island, and the neighboring Komsomolskiy Island, in the Aral Sea.〔Dembek, Zygmunt F., Julie A. Pavlin, and Mark G. Kortepeter (2007), “Epidemiology of Biowarfare and Bioterrorism”, Chapter 3 of: (Dembek, Zygmunt F. (2007), ''Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare'' ), (Series: Textbooks of Military Medicine), Washington, DC: The Borden Institute, pp 51-52.〕 (Today the area belongs jointly to the post-Soviet republics of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.) The Soviet Ministry of Defence also established a field scientific research laboratory on Rebirth Island to conduct biological experiments.〔Zelicoff, A.P. (2002), “An epidemiological analysis of the 1971 smallpox outbreak in Aralsk, Kazakhstan”, In: Tucker, J.B. and R.A. Zilinskas,eds., ''(The 1971 Smallpox Epidemic in Aralsk, Kazakhstan, and the Soviet Biological Warfare Program )''; Monterey, California: Monterey Institute of International Studies, Center for Nonproliferation Studies. Occasional Paper No. 9.〕 Bio-agents tested there included ''Bacillus anthracis'', ''Coxiella burnetii'', ''Francisella tularensis'', ''Brucella suis'', ''Rickettsia prowazekii'', ''Variola major'' (smallpox), ''Yersinia pestis'', botulinum toxin, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.〔Bozheyeva, G., Y. Kunakbayev and D. Yeleukenov (1999), ''Former Soviet Biological Weapons Facilities in Kazakhstan: Past, Present and Future''; Monterey, Calif: Monterey Institute of International Studies, Center for Nonproliferation Studies; Occasional Paper 1.〕 (By 1960, the Soviet biological weapons program also included numerous other research and operational facilities throughout the country.) Aralsk-7 had a history of association with mass deaths of fish, various regional plague outbreaks, a saiga antelope die-off, and individual cases of infectious disease among visitors to Rebirth Island.〔Bozheyeva, ''Op. cit.''〕
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